The human body can be looked at as a kinetic chain where bones are connected to bones at the articulating surfaces making the union of these two bones a joint. It is at these joints where anatomical movement occurs as produced my muscle contraction. Great for teaching and learning the structural, functional, and support features of these joints.
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A joint is the union of two or more bones. The primary function of a joint is to allow movement. The movement of a joint is created by muscle contraction and the force pulling on the bones. Ligaments and joint capsules function to limit excessive or undesirable movement at a joint. Therefore, joints allow movement, muscles create the force to produce the movement, and ligaments and joint capsules limit movement or displacement at the joint. Joints also work to bear weight, absorb shock, and provide stability.
Joints are classified according to their structure and/or function. There are three main categories of joints. The functional categories are Synarthrodial (immoveable), Amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable), and Synarthrodial (freely moveable).
The six (6) types of Synarthrodial or freely moveable joints are:
|
Joint Classification Name & General Name |
Planes of Motion or Degrees of Freedom |
Joints Anatomical Names |
|
Ginglymus or Hinge |
1 Plane of motion, uniaxial One Degree of Freedom |
Interphalangeal, Metacarpophalangeal of thumb, Humeroulnar, Tibiotarsal, Tibiofemoral (dual) |
|
Condylodial or Convex-Concave |
2 Planes of motion, biaxial Two Degrees of Freedom |
Metacarpophalangeal, Radiocarpal, Atlantooccipital, Metatarsophalangeal |
|
Trochoidal or Pivot |
1 Plane of motion, uniaxial One Degree of Freedom |
Radioulnar, Atlantoaxial, Tibiofemoral (dual) |
|
Enarthrodial or Ball & Socket |
3 Planes of motion, triaxial Three Degrees of Freedom |
Glenohumaral, Acetabulofemoral, Humeroradial (atypical) |
|
Sellar or Saddle |
3 Planes of motion, triaxial Three Degrees of Freedom |
Carpometacarpal of thumb, Sternoclavicular |
|
Arthrodial or Gliding |
3 Planes of motion, triaxial Three Degrees of Freedom |
Vertebral facets, Costovertebral, Costotransverse, Sternocostal, Acromioclavicular, Intercarpal, Intermetacarpal, Caropmetacarpal Sacroiliac, Patellofemoral, Intertarsal, Subtalar, Tarsometatarsal, Intermetatarsal |
ProHealthcareProducts.com has Functional and structural human anatomical joint models of the shoulder, elbow, hand, hip, knee, and foot. Great for teaching and demonstrating the anatomical and functional characteristics of these joints.
